R&D FOR ENTREPRENEURS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

For entrepreneurs, there are significant overlap related to research, product development, and the actual production of products and services. Many organizations are just too small to become involved in basic research and they have to rely on combining existing and emerging technologies in creative ways. Entrepreneurs view R&D as interdependent processes that are intertwined and not very distinct. For the entrepreneur, research and product development includes:

1. Generating an idea for a product or services;

2. Gathering and synthesizing information on the idea;

3. Designing the product or services;

4. Developing a prototype of the product or service;

5. Developing a production process for the product or service;

6. Producing the product or service.

Our focus is primarily on the first four steps including idea generation, gathering information, preliminary design, and prototyping. From the standpoint of the entrepreneur, these steps are the essence of R&D.

In addition to generating new knowledge, conducting R&D leads to smarter organizations because the knowledge these organizations already have helped understand new information when it becomes available. The best way to conduct R&D and to improve the organizational innovation and creativity is to learn-by-doing and to engage in search activity. In this section, we will discuss searching for ideas first and we will discuss learning-by-doing later.

Learning-about, or the search process, involves reading magazines, books, and technical articles, attending schools, observing the competition, one-on-one discussion, interacting with customers, and attending symposia and conferences. It involves acquiring knowledge and integrating and synthesizing that knowledge. This is the first step in developing individual and organizational knowledge structures. 

Learning-about in its basic form is search and synthesis. It is too expensive in terms of time and resources for organizations to build every product and service that is conceived. Many companies therefore learn-about an idea by reading, interacting with experts, and also by attending symposia and conferences related to an emerging technology. The goal is to gain insight and understand the potential of an emerging technology or a new idea.

Search plays a key part in the learning about process. This is particularly true when an organization searches outside the organization for ideas related to product innovation. Search can be classified in terms of the breadth and depth of the search. The breadth of the search refers to the number of outside sources used and consulted. The depth of search refers to the intensity of the relationship between the searcher and the external sources. It appears that the breadth of search is important for incremental improvements innovation and that both breadth and depth of search are important for new and radical innovation. In terms of the breadth of the search, it appears that the sweet spot is about eleven sources plus or minus two sources. This is a rather useful finding upon further reflection. When searching for new information, it is often difficult to determine how much information to gather and the number of sources for collecting information in order to avoid information overload. The point is that you have to seek out a variety of sources of information in order to improve the chances of introducing a successful innovation.

Potential sources of external information that can be used by entrepreneurs and product developers when engaging in an innovative activity:

1.Sources of information from the market

2. Suppliers of equipment, materials, components, or software

3. Clients or customers

4. Competitors

5. Consultants

6. Commercial laboratories/R&D enterprises

7. Sources of information from institutions

8. Universities or other higher education institutes

9.Government research organizations

10. Other public sectors, e.g., business links and government offices

11. Private research institutes

12. Sources of information from the profession

13. Professional conferences and meetings

14. Trade associations

15. Technical/trade press and computer databases

16. Fairs and exhibitions

17. Sources from specialized places

18. Technical standards

19. Health and safety standards and regulations

20. Environmental standards and regulations